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Root nodule. A simplified diagram of the relation between the plant and the symbiotic bacteria (cyan) in the root nodules. Root nodules are found on the roots of plants, primarily legumes, that form a symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing bacteria. [1] Under nitrogen -limiting conditions, capable plants form a symbiotic relationship with a host ...
Arbuscular mycorrhiza. An arbuscular mycorrhiza ( AM) (plural mycorrhizae) is a type of mycorrhiza in which the symbiont fungus ( AM fungi, or AMF) penetrates the cortical cells of the roots of a vascular plant forming arbuscules. Arbuscular mycorrhiza is a type of endomycorrhiza along with ericoid mycorrhiza and orchid mycorrhiza (not to be ...
Mycorrhizal network. Nutrient exchanges and communication between a mycorrhizal fungus and plants. White threads of fungal mycelium are sometimes visible underneath leaf litter in a forest floor. Mycorrhizal associations have profoundly impacted the evolution of plant life on Earth ever since the initial adaptation of plant life to land.
Nod factor. The structure of the major Nod factor produced by Sinorhizobium meliloti. Nod factors ( nodulation factors or NF ), are signaling molecules produced by soil bacteria known as rhizobia in response to flavonoid exudation from plants under nitrogen limited conditions. Nod factors initiate the establishment of a symbiotic relationship ...
Rhizobia are a "group of soil bacteria that infect the roots of legumes to form root nodules ". [2] Rhizobia are found in the soil and, after infection, produce nodules in the legume where they fix nitrogen gas (N 2) from the atmosphere, turning it into a more readily useful form of nitrogen. From here, the nitrogen is exported from the nodules ...
Nodulation Nodule formation. Nodules are growths on the roots of leguminous plants where the bacteria reside. The plant roots secrete amino acids and sugars into the rhizosphere. The rhizobia move toward the roots and attach to the root hairs. The plant then releases flavonoids, which induce the expression of nod genes within the bacteria.
Under ideal conditions, stem growth continues, producing new nodes every four days. Before flowering, roots can grow 2 cm (3 ⁄ 4 in) per day. If rhizobia are present, root nodulation begins by the time the third node appears. Nodulation typically continues for 8 weeks before the symbiotic infection process stabilizes.
Underground stem. Underground stems are modified plant parts that derive from stem tissue but exist under the soil surface. [1] They function as storage tissues for food and nutrients, facilitate the propagation of new clones, and aid in perennation (survival from one growing season to the next). [2] Types of underground stems include bulbs ...