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In geometry, the hyperplane separation theorem is a theorem about disjoint convex sets in n-dimensional Euclidean space.There are several rather similar versions. In one version of the theorem, if both these sets are closed and at least one of them is compact, then there is a hyperplane in between them and even two parallel hyperplanes in between them separated by a gap.
Spatial relation. A spatial relation[1][2] specifies how some object is located in space in relation to some reference object. When the reference object is much bigger than the object to locate, the latter is often represented by a point. The reference object is often represented by a bounding box. In Anatomy it might be the case that a spatial ...
Relational algebra. In database theory, relational algebra is a theory that uses algebraic structures for modeling data, and defining queries on it with well founded semantics. The theory was introduced by Edgar F. Codd. The main application of relational algebra is to provide a theoretical foundation for relational databases, particularly ...
Reverse mathematics. Reverse mathematics is a program in mathematical logic that seeks to determine which axioms are required to prove theorems of mathematics. Its defining method can briefly be described as "going backwards from the theorems to the axioms ", in contrast to the ordinary mathematical practice of deriving theorems from axioms.
POVM. In functional analysis and quantum information science, a positive operator-valued measure (POVM) is a measure whose values are positive semi-definite operators on a Hilbert space. POVMs are a generalization of projection-valued measures (PVM) and, correspondingly, quantum measurements described by POVMs are a generalization of quantum ...
Objects studied in discrete mathematics include integers, graphs, and statements in logic. [1][2][3] By contrast, discrete mathematics excludes topics in "continuous mathematics" such as real numbers, calculus or Euclidean geometry. Discrete objects can often be enumerated by integers; more formally, discrete mathematics has been characterized ...
Nevertheless, in affine geometry a pencil of parallel lines is taken as an equivalence class in the set of lines where parallelism is an equivalence relation. [ 18 ] [ 19 ] [ 20 ] To this end, Emil Artin (1957) adopted a definition of parallelism where two lines are parallel if they have all or none of their points in common. [ 21 ]
The word mathematics comes from Ancient Greek máthēma (μάθημα), meaning "that which is learnt", [7] "what one gets to know", hence also "study" and "science". The word came to have the narrower and more technical meaning of "mathematical study" even in Classical times.