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Michael Apple. Michael W. Apple (born August 20, 1942) is an educational theorist specialized on education and power, cultural politics, curriculum theory and research, critical teaching, and the development of democratic schools. [1] [2] [3]
Learning through play. Learning through play is a term used in education and psychology to describe how a child can learn to make sense of the world around them. Through play children can develop social and cognitive skills, mature emotionally, and gain the self-confidence required to engage in new experiences and environments. [1]
Stages of play is a theory and classification of children's participation in play developed by Mildred Parten Newhall in her 1929 dissertation. [1] Parten observed American preschool age (ages 2 to 5) children at free play (defined as anything unrelated to survival, production or profit). Parten recognized six different types of play:
Niccolò Machiavelli's work The Prince of 1532 was a major stimulus to realist thinking.. Realism, a school of thought in international relations theory, is a theoretical framework that views world politics as an enduring competition among self-interested states vying for power and positioning within an anarchic global system devoid of a centralized authority.
Man, Play and Games. Man, Play and Games ( ISBN 0029052009) is the influential 1961 book by the French sociologist Roger Caillois, (French Les jeux et les hommes, 1958) on the sociology of play and games or, in Caillois' terms, sociology derived from play. Caillois interprets many social structures as elaborate forms of games and much behaviour ...
Michel Foucault. Paul-Michel Foucault ( UK: / ˈfuːkoʊ /, US: / fuːˈkoʊ /; [9] French: [pɔl miʃɛl fuko]; 15 October 1926 – 25 June 1984) was a French philosopher, historian of ideas, writer, political activist, and literary critic. Foucault's theories primarily address the relationships between power and knowledge, and how they are ...
Drama is defined as a form of art in which a written play is used as basis for a performance. [1] : 63 Dramatic theory is studied as part of theatre studies. [2] Drama creates a sensory impression in its viewers during the performance. This is the main difference from both poetry and epics, which evoke imagination in the reader.
Playwork. Playwork is the work of creating and maintaining spaces for children to play. The theory and practice of playwork recognises that children 's play should ideally be "freely chosen, personally directed and intrinsically motivated." [1]