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2. Gateway address - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gateway_address

   Physical gateway address. The gateway also operates at the data link layer (Layer 2) of the OSI network model. The physical gateway address is called the media access control(MAC) address or burned in address (BIA). The physical address is assigned when the device is manufactured, and cannot be changed. When a frame is sent to a device not on ...

3. Multicast address - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multicast_address

   IPv4. IPv4 multicast addresses are defined by the most-significant bit pattern of 1110. This originates from the classful network design of the early Internet when this group of addresses was designated as Class D. The CIDR notation for this group is 224.0.0.0 / 4. [1] The group includes the addresses from 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255.

4. Routing table - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routing_table

   In computer networking, a routing table, or routing information base ( RIB ), is a data table stored in a router or a network host that lists the routes to particular network destinations, and in some cases, metrics (distances) associated with those routes. The routing table contains information about the topology of the network immediately ...

5. Gateway (telecommunications) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gateway_(telecommunications)

   A gateway is a piece of networking hardware or software used in telecommunications networks that allows data to flow from one discrete network to another. Gateways are distinct from routers or switches in that they communicate using more than one protocol to connect multiple networks [1] [2] and can operate at any of the seven layers of the OSI ...

6. Routing protocol - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routing_protocol

   Exterior gateway protocols should not be confused with Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP), an obsolete routing protocol. OSI layer designation. Routing protocols, according to the OSI routing framework, are layer management protocols for the network layer, regardless of their transport mechanism: IS-IS runs on the data link layer (Layer 2)

7. Circuit-level gateway - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit-level_gateway

   Circuit-level gateway. A application level gateway is a type of firewall . Application level work at the session layer of the OSI model, or as a "shim-layer" between the application layer and the transport layer of the TCP/IP stack. They monitor TCP handshaking between packets to determine whether a requested session is legitimate.