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A force does negative work if it has a component opposite to the direction of the displacement at the point of application of the force. [1] For example, when a ball is held above the ground and then dropped, the work done by the gravitational force on the ball as it falls is positive, and is equal to the weight of the ball (a force) multiplied ...
For example, when a block of rubber attached to two parallel plates is deformed by shearing, rather than stretching or compression, the shearing force F s and the sideways displacement of the plates x obey Hooke's law (for small enough deformations).
Series and parallel springs. In mechanics, two or more springs are said to be in series when they are connected end-to-end or point to point, and it is said to be in parallel when they are connected side-by-side; in both cases, so as to act as a single spring: More generally, two or more springs are in series when any external stress applied to ...
A single force acting at any point O′ of a rigid body can be replaced by an equal and parallel force F acting at any given point O and a couple with forces parallel to F whose moment is M = Fd, d being the separation of O and O′. Conversely, a couple and a force in the plane of the couple can be replaced by a single force, appropriately ...
e. Jean d'Alembert (1717–1783) D'Alembert's principle, also known as the Lagrange–d'Alembert principle, is a statement of the fundamental classical laws of motion. It is named after its discoverer, the French physicist and mathematician Jean le Rond d'Alembert, and Italian-French mathematician Joseph Louis Lagrange.
Compression (physics) In mechanics, compression is the application of balanced inward ("pushing") forces to different points on a material or structure, that is, forces with no net sum or torque directed so as to reduce its size in one or more directions. [1] It is contrasted with tension or traction, the application of balanced outward ...
The normal force is defined as the net force compressing two parallel surfaces together, and its direction is perpendicular to the surfaces. In the simple case of a mass resting on a horizontal surface, the only component of the normal force is the force due to gravity, where N = m g {\displaystyle N=mg\,} .
In fluid dynamics a shear mapping depicts fluid flow between parallel plates in relative motion. In plane geometry, a shear mapping is an affine transformation that displaces each point in a fixed direction by an amount proportional to its signed distance from a given line parallel to that direction. [1] This type of mapping is also called ...