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The pH of a solution is defined as the negative logarithm of the concentration of H+, and the pOH is defined as the negative logarithm of the concentration of OH-. For example, the pH of a 0.01M solution of hydrochloric acid (HCl) is equal to 2 (pH = −log 10 (0.01)), while the pOH of a 0.01M solution of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is equal to 2 ...
The Henderson–Hasselbalch equation relates the pH of a solution containing a mixture of the two components to the acid dissociation constant, Ka of the acid, and the concentrations of the species in solution. [2] Simulated titration of an acidified solution of a weak acid ( pKa = 4.7) with alkali. To derive the equation a number of ...
Polynomial hierarchy. In computational complexity theory, the polynomial hierarchy (sometimes called the polynomial-time hierarchy) is a hierarchy of complexity classes that generalize the classes NP and co-NP. [1] Each class in the hierarchy is contained within PSPACE.
P (complexity) In computational complexity theory, P, also known as PTIME or DTIME ( nO (1) ), is a fundamental complexity class. It contains all decision problems that can be solved by a deterministic Turing machine using a polynomial amount of computation time, or polynomial time . Cobham's thesis holds that P is the class of computational ...
Complexity class. In computational complexity theory, a complexity class is a set of computational problems "of related resource-based complexity ". [1] The two most commonly analyzed resources are time and memory. In general, a complexity class is defined in terms of a type of computational problem, a model of computation, and a bounded ...
In computational complexity, the logarithmic time hierarchy ( LH) is the complexity class of all computational problems solvable in a logarithmic amount of computation time on an alternating Turing machine with a bounded number of alternations. It is a particular case of a bounded alternating Turing machine hierarchy. It is equal to FO and to ...
A pH indicator is a halochromic chemical compound added in small amounts to a solution so the pH ( acidity or basicity) of the solution can be determined visually or spectroscopically by changes in absorption and/or emission properties. [1] Hence, a pH indicator is a chemical detector for hydronium ions (H 3 O +) or hydrogen ions (H +) in the ...
PH contains almost all well-known complexity classes inside PSPACE; in particular, it contains P, NP, and co-NP. It even contains probabilistic classes such as BPP (this is the Sipser–Lautemann theorem) and RP. However, there is some evidence that BQP, the class of problems solvable in polynomial time by a quantum computer, is not contained ...