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Substitutes for leadership theory is a leadership theory first developed by Steven Kerr and John M. Jermier and published in Organizational Behavior and Human Performance in December 1978. [1] The theory states that different situational factors can enhance, neutralize, or substitute for leader behaviors [2] (Den Hartog & Koopman, 2001).
360-degree feedback. 360-degree feedback (also known as multi-rater feedback, multi source feedback, or multi source assessment) is a process through which feedback from an employee's subordinates, peers, colleagues, and supervisor (s), as well as a self-evaluation by the employee themselves is gathered. Such feedback can also include, when ...
Organization development ( OD) is the study and implementation of practices, systems, and techniques that affect organizational change. The goal of which is to modify a group's/organization's performance and/or culture. The organizational changes are typically initiated by the group's stakeholders. OD emerged from human relations studies in the ...
Participatory management. Participatory management is the practice of empowering members of a group, such as employees of a company or citizens of a community, to participate in organizational decision making. [1] It is used as an alternative to traditional vertical management structures, which has shown to be less effective as participants are ...
Conway's law. Conway's law describes the link between communication structure of organizations and the systems they design. It is named after the computer programmer Melvin Conway, who introduced the idea in 1967. [1] His original wording was: [2] [3] [O]rganizations which design systems (in the broad sense used here) are constrained to produce ...
Nominal group technique. The nominal group technique ( NGT) is a group process involving problem identification, solution generation, and decision-making. [1] It can be used in groups of many sizes, who want to make their decision quickly, as by a vote, but want everyone's opinions taken into account (as opposed to traditional voting, where ...
Vitality curve. A vitality curve is a performance management practice that calls for individuals to be ranked or rated against their coworkers. It is also called stack ranking, forced ranking, and rank and yank. Pioneered by GE 's Jack Welch in the 1980s, it has remained controversial.
Informal organization. The informal organization is the interlocking social structure that governs how people work together in practice. [1] It is the aggregate of norms, personal and professional connections through which work gets done and relationships are built among people who share a common organizational affiliation or cluster of ...
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