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Livonia [a] or in earlier records Livland, [1] is a historical region on the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea. It is named after the Livonians, who lived on the shores of present-day Latvia . By the end of the 13th century, the name was extended to most of present-day Estonia and Latvia, which the Livonian Brothers of the Sword had conquered ...
The Kingdom of Livonia [a] was a nominal state in what is now the territory of Estonia and Latvia. Russian tsar Ivan IV declared the establishment of the kingdom during the Livonian War of 1558–1583, but it never functioned properly as a polity . In 1570, Magnus, Duke of Holstein was crowned in Moscow as the king of Livonia.
Sain-Bulat. Magnus of Livonia. The Livonian War (1558–1583) was fought for control of Old Livonia (in the territory of present-day Estonia and Latvia ). The Tsardom of Russia faced a varying coalition of the Dano-Norwegian Realm, the Kingdom of Sweden, and the Union (later Commonwealth) of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland .
Terra Mariana ( Medieval Latin for "Land of Mary ") was the formal name [1] for Medieval Livonia or Old Livonia. [b] [4] It was formed in the aftermath of the Livonian Crusade, and its territories were composed of present-day Estonia and Latvia. It was established on 2 February 1207, [5] as a principality of the Holy Roman Empire, [6] and lost ...
The Livonian crusade [1] [2] consists of the various military Christianisation campaigns in medieval Livonia – modern Latvia and Estonia – during the Papal -sanctioned Northern Crusades in the 12th–13th century. The Livonian crusade was conducted mostly by the Holy Roman Empire and the Kingdom of Denmark.
Swedish Estonia is coloured green. [1] / 58.367°N 25.600°E / 58.367; 25.600. The Duchy of Livonia, [2] [a] also referred to as Polish Livonia or Livonia, [b] was a territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and later the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth that existed from 1561 to 1621. It corresponds to the present-day areas of northern ...
Livonians. The Livonians, or Livs, [7] are a Balto-Finnic people indigenous to northern and northwestern Latvia. Livonians historically spoke Livonian, a Uralic language closely related to Estonian and Finnish. Initially, the last person to have learned and spoken Livonian as a mother tongue, Grizelda Kristiņa, died in 2013, making Livonian a ...
The State of the Teutonic Order ( Latin: Civitas Ordinis Theutonici) [a] was a theocratic state, located along the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea in northern Europe. It was formed by the knights of the Teutonic Order during the early 13th century Northern Crusades in the region of Prussia.