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  2. Livonia - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonia

    Livonia [a] or in earlier records Livland, [1] is a historical region on the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea. It is named after the Livonians, who lived on the shores of present-day Latvia . By the end of the 13th century, the name was extended to most of present-day Estonia and Latvia, which the Livonian Brothers of the Sword had conquered ...

  3. Kingdom of Livonia - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Livonia

    The Kingdom of Livonia [a] was a nominal state in what is now the territory of Estonia and Latvia. Russian tsar Ivan IV declared the establishment of the kingdom during the Livonian War of 1558–1583, but it never functioned properly as a polity . In 1570, Magnus, Duke of Holstein was crowned in Moscow as the king of Livonia.

  4. Livonian War - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonian_War

    Sain-Bulat. Magnus of Livonia. The Livonian War (1558–1583) was fought for control of Old Livonia (in the territory of present-day Estonia and Latvia ). The Tsardom of Russia faced a varying coalition of the Dano-Norwegian Realm, the Kingdom of Sweden, and the Union (later Commonwealth) of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland .

  5. Duchy of Livonia - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Livonia

    Swedish Estonia is coloured green. [1] /  58.367°N 25.600°E  / 58.367; 25.600. The Duchy of Livonia, [2] [a] also referred to as Polish Livonia or Livonia, [b] was a territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and later the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth that existed from 1561 to 1621. It corresponds to the present-day areas of northern ...

  6. Terra Mariana - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra_Mariana

    Terra Mariana ( Medieval Latin for "Land of Mary ") was the formal name [1] for Medieval Livonia or Old Livonia. [b] [4] It was formed in the aftermath of the Livonian Crusade, and its territories were composed of present-day Estonia and Latvia. It was established on 2 February 1207, [5] as a principality of the Holy Roman Empire, [6] and lost ...

  7. Livonian Crusade - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonian_Crusade

    The Livonian crusade [1] [2] consists of the various military Christianisation campaigns in medieval Livonia – modern Latvia and Estonia – during the Papal -sanctioned Northern Crusades in the 12th–13th century. The Livonian crusade was conducted mostly by the Holy Roman Empire and the Kingdom of Denmark.

  8. History of Latvia - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Latvia

    Baltic bronze necklace from the village of Aizkraukle, Latvia dating to 12th century AD now in the British Museum. [1] The history of Latvia began around 9000 BC with the end of the last glacial period in northern Europe. Ancient Baltic peoples arrived in the area during the second millennium BC, and four distinct tribal realms in Latvia 's ...

  9. Governorate of Livonia - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governorate_of_Livonia

    Unofficial flag of Governorate of Livonia. Following the capitulation of Estonia and Livonia in 1710, Peter the Great, on 28 July 1713, created the Riga Governorate (Russian: Рижская губерния) which also included Smolensk uezd, Dorogobuzh uezd, Roslavl uezd and Vyazma uezd of Smolensk Governorate. Smolensk Province was created ...