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2. X-ray crystallography - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_crystallography

   A powder X-ray diffractometer in motion. X-ray crystallography is the experimental science of determining the atomic and molecular structure of a crystal, in which the crystalline structure causes a beam of incident X-rays to diffract in specific directions. By measuring the angles and intensities of the X-ray diffraction, a crystallographer ...

3. X-ray absorption fine structure - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_absorption_fine...

   X-ray absorption fine structure. Three regions of XAS data. X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) is a specific structure observed in X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). By analyzing the XAFS, information can be acquired on the local structure and on the unoccupied local electronic states.

4. X-ray scattering techniques - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_scattering_techniques

   X-ray reflectivity is an analytical technique for determining thickness, roughness, and density of single layer and multilayer thin films. Wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS), a technique concentrating on scattering angles 2θ larger than 5°. Spectrum of various inelastic scattering processes that can be probed with inelastic X-ray scattering ...

5. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual-energy_X-ray...

   3-900. [ edit on Wikidata] Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry ( DXA, or DEXA [1]) is a means of measuring bone mineral density (BMD) using spectral imaging. Two X-ray beams, with different energy levels, are aimed at the patient's bones. When soft tissue absorption is subtracted out, the bone mineral density (BMD) can be determined from the ...

6. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy-dispersive_X-ray...

   Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS, EDX, EDXS or XEDS), sometimes called energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA or EDAX) or energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDXMA), is an analytical technique used for the elemental analysis or chemical characterization of a sample. It relies on an interaction of some source of X-ray excitation and ...

7. Nicol prism - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol_prism

   Nicol prism. A Nicol prism is a type of polarizer. It is an optical device made from calcite crystal used to convert ordinary light into plane polarized light. It is made in such a way that it eliminates one of the rays by total internal reflection, i.e. the ordinary ray is eliminated and only the extraordinary ray is transmitted through the ...

8. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_photoelectron...

   X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy ( XPS) is a surface-sensitive quantitative spectroscopic technique based on the photoelectric effect that can identify the elements that exist within a material (elemental composition) or are covering its surface, as well as their chemical state, and the overall electronic structure and density of the electronic ...

9. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_X-ray_absorption...

   Extended X-ray absorption fine structure ( EXAFS ), along with X-ray absorption near edge structure ( XANES ), is a subset of X-ray absorption spectroscopy ( XAS ). Like other absorption spectroscopies, XAS techniques follow Beer's law. The X-ray absorption coefficient of a material as a function of energy is obtained by directing X-rays of a ...