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The immune system is a network of biological systems that protects an organism from diseases. It consists of two major subsystems: the innate immune system, which provides a non-specific and immediate response, and the adaptive immune system, which provides a tailored and memory-based response.
Antibodies or immunoglobulins are proteins that recognize and neutralize antigens such as bacteria and viruses. They are produced by B cells and have different classes, subclasses, and functions depending on the type and stage of the immune response.
The complement system is a part of the humoral, innate immune system that enhances the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear microbes and damaged cells. It consists of about 50 proteins and protein fragments that activate three pathways: classical, alternative, and lectin.
Autoimmune disease is a condition where the immune system attacks healthy body parts as if they were foreign. Learn about the types, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of more than 80 recognized autoimmune diseases.
Learn about the specific chemical interaction between antibodies and antigens during immune reaction, and how it is used for diagnosis and treatment. Find out the molecular basis, structure, properties, and applications of antigen-antibody reaction.
The innate immune system is one of the two main immunity strategies in vertebrates, and the dominant one in plants, fungi, and invertebrates. It consists of anatomical barriers, inflammation, complement system, and white blood cells that defend against infection and injury.
Humoral immunity is the aspect of immunity that involves antibodies and other extracellular molecules in the body fluids. It contrasts with cell-mediated immunity and is also called antibody-mediated immunity. Learn about its history, structure, function, and disorders.
Hypersensitivity is an abnormal immune response to an antigen that can cause allergies, autoimmunity and other diseases. Learn about the four types of hypersensitivity reactions, the antigens involved, and the clinical manifestations and tests for each type.