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Radical (chemistry) The hydroxyl radical, Lewis structure shown, contains one unpaired electron. In chemistry, a radical, also known as a free radical, is an atom, molecule, or ion that has at least one unpaired valence electron. [1] [2] With some exceptions, these unpaired electrons make radicals highly chemically reactive.
Nested radical. In algebra, a nested radical is a radical expression (one containing a square root sign, cube root sign, etc.) that contains (nests) another radical expression. Examples include. which arises in discussing the regular pentagon, and more complicated ones such as.
The general form of a quartic equation is. Graph of a polynomial function of degree 4, with its 4 roots and 3 critical points. where a ≠ 0. The quartic is the highest order polynomial equation that can be solved by radicals in the general case (i.e., one in which the coefficients can take any value).
Square root. Notation for the (principal) square root of x. For example, √ 25 = 5, since 25 = 5 ⋅ 5, or 52 (5 squared). In mathematics, a square root of a number x is a number y such that ; in other words, a number y whose square (the result of multiplying the number by itself, or ) is x. [1] For example, 4 and −4 are square roots of 16 ...
Closed-form expression. In mathematics, an expression is in closed form if it is formed with constants, variables and a finite set of basic functions connected by arithmetic operations ( +, −, ×, /, and integer powers) and function composition. Commonly, the allowed functions are n th root, exponential function, logarithm, and trigonometric ...
In chemistry and biology, reactive oxygen species ( ROS) are highly reactive chemicals formed from diatomic oxygen ( O2 ), water, and hydrogen peroxide. Some prominent ROS are hydroperoxide (O 2 H), superoxide (O 2- ), [1] hydroxyl radical (OH. ), and singlet oxygen. [2] ROS are pervasive because they are readily produced from O 2, which is ...
Glossary of mathematical symbols. A mathematical symbol is a figure or a combination of figures that is used to represent a mathematical object, an action on mathematical objects, a relation between mathematical objects, or for structuring the other symbols that occur in a formula. As formulas are entirely constituted with symbols of various ...
The hydroxyl radical, •HO, is the neutral form of the hydroxide ion (HO – ). Hydroxyl radicals are highly reactive and consequently short-lived; however, they form an important part of radical chemistry. Most notably hydroxyl radicals are produced from the decomposition of hydroperoxides (ROOH) or, in atmospheric chemistry, by the reaction ...