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  2. Subjectivity and objectivity (philosophy) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjectivity_and...

    The distinction between subjectivity and objectivity is a basic idea of philosophy, particularly epistemology and metaphysics. It is often related to discussions of consciousness, agency, personhood, philosophy of mind, philosophy of language, reality, truth, and communication (for example in narrative communication and journalism ).

  3. Pure play - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure_play

    Pure play method. In finance, the "pure play method" is an approach used to estimate the cost of equity capital of private companies, which involves examining the beta coefficient of other public and single focused companies. [2] See also Hamada's equation . Here, when estimating a private company A's equity beta coefficient, the equity beta ...

  4. Subjectivism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjectivism

    Subjectivism is the doctrine that "our own mental activity is the only unquestionable fact of our experience", [1] instead of shared or communal, and that there is no external or objective truth. While Thomas Hobbes was an early proponent of subjectivism, [2] [3] the success of this position is historically attributed to Descartes and his ...

  5. Phenomenology (philosophy) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)

    Phenomenology is the philosophical study of objectivity and reality (more generally) as subjectively lived and experienced. It seeks to investigate the universal features of consciousness while avoiding assumptions about the external world, aiming to describe phenomena as they appear to the subject, and to explore the meaning and significance of the lived experiences.

  6. Functionalism (philosophy of mind) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functionalism_(philosophy...

    Functionalism (philosophy of mind) In the philosophy of mind, functionalism is the thesis that each and every mental state (for example, the state of having a belief, of having a desire, or of being in pain) is constituted solely by its functional role, which means its causal relation to other mental states, sensory inputs, and behavioral ...

  7. Pragmatism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatism

    Pragmatism is a philosophical tradition that views language and thought as tools for prediction, problem solving, and action, rather than describing, representing, or mirroring reality. Pragmatists contend that most philosophical topics—such as the nature of knowledge, language, concepts, meaning, belief, and science—are all best viewed in ...

  8. Relativism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativism

    Relativism is a family of philosophical views which deny claims to objectivity within a particular domain and assert that valuations in that domain are relative to the perspective of an observer or the context in which they are assessed. [1] There are many different forms of relativism, with a great deal of variation in scope and differing ...

  9. Idealism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idealism

    Idealism in philosophy, also known as philosophical idealism or metaphysical idealism, is the set of metaphysical perspectives asserting that, most fundamentally, reality is equivalent to mind, spirit, or consciousness; that reality is entirely a mental construct; or that ideas are the highest type of reality or have the greatest claim to being considered "real".