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In mathematics, taking the nth root is an operation involving two numbers, the radicand and the index or degree. Taking the nth root is written as , where x is the radicand and n is the index (also sometimes called the degree). This is pronounced as "the nth root of x". The definition then of an nth root of a number x is a number r (the root ...
The general form of a quartic equation is. Graph of a polynomial function of degree 4, with its 4 roots and 3 critical points. where a ≠ 0. The quartic is the highest order polynomial equation that can be solved by radicals in the general case (i.e., one in which the coefficients can take any value).
Tetration is iterated exponentiation (call this right-associative operation ^), starting from the top right side of the expression with an instance a^a (call this value c). Exponentiating the next leftward a (call this the 'next base' b), is to work leftward after obtaining the new value b^c. Working to the left, consume the next a to the left ...
Vieta's formulas relate the polynomial coefficients to signed sums of products of the roots r1, r2, ..., rn as follows: Vieta's formulas can equivalently be written as. for k = 1, 2, ..., n (the indices ik are sorted in increasing order to ensure each product of k roots is used exactly once). The left-hand sides of Vieta's formulas are the ...
Halley's method. In numerical analysis, Halley's method is a root-finding algorithm used for functions of one real variable with a continuous second derivative. Edmond Halley was an English mathematician and astronomer who introduced the method now called by his name. The algorithm is second in the class of Householder's methods, after Newton's ...
An nth root of unity is a complex number whose nth power is 1, a root of the polynomial x n − 1. The set of all nth roots of unity forms a cyclic group of order n under multiplication. The generators of this cyclic group are the nth primitive roots of unity; they are the roots of the nth cyclotomic polynomial.
V.P.A.M. is an infix system for entering mathematical expressions, used by Casio in most of its current scientific calculators. In the infix notation the precedence of mathematical operators is taken into account. According to Casio, in V.P.A.M. calculations can be input exactly as they are normally written.
The number n is called the exponent and the expression is known formally as exponentiation of b by n or the exponential of n with base b. It is more commonly expressed as "the n th power of b ", " b to the n th power" or " b to the power n ". For example, the fourth power of 10 is 10,000 because 104 = 10 × 10 × 10 × 10 = 10,000.