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Rockwell scale. The Rockwell scale is a hardness scale based on indentation hardness of a material. The Rockwell test measures the depth of penetration of an indenter under a large load (major load) compared to the penetration made by a preload (minor load). [1] There are different scales, denoted by a single letter, that use different loads or ...
The metacentric height (GM) is a measurement of the initial static stability of a floating body [1]. It is calculated as the distance between the centre of gravity of a ship and its metacentre. A larger metacentric height implies greater initial stability against overturning. The metacentric height also influences the natural period of rolling ...
The draft or draught of a ship is a determined depth of the vessel below the waterline, measured vertically to its hull 's lowest—its propellers, or keel, or other reference point. [1] Draft varies according to the loaded condition of the ship. A deeper draft means the ship will have greater vertical depth below the waterline.
International maritime signal flags are various flags used to communicate with ships. The principal system of flags and associated codes is the International Code of Signals. [ 1 ] Various navies have flag systems with additional flags and codes, and other flags are used in special uses, or have historical significance. [ 2 ]
The International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) is an international maritime treaty which sets out minimum safety standards in the construction, equipment and operation of merchant ships. The International Maritime Organization convention requires signatory flag states to ensure that ships flagged by them comply with at least ...
A cargo ship discharging ballast water into the sea. Ballast water discharges by ships can have a negative impact on the marine environment. [1] Cruise ships, large tankers, and bulk cargo carriers use a huge amount of ballast water, which is often taken on in the coastal waters in one region after ships discharge wastewater or unload cargo, and discharged at the next port of call, wherever ...
Slow steaming. Slow steaming is the practice of operating transoceanic cargo ships, especially container ships, at significantly less than their maximum speed. [ 1] In 2010, an analyst at the National Ports and Waterways Institute stated that nearly all global shipping lines were using slow steaming to save money on fuel. [ 2][ 3]
Incoterms 2020 is the ninth set of international contract terms published by the International Chamber of Commerce, with the first set having been published in 1936. Incoterms 2020 defines 11 rules, the same number as defined by Incoterms 2010. [6] One rule of the 2010 version ("Delivered at Terminal"; DAT) [7] was removed, and is replaced by a ...