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2. Pearson's chi-squared test - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearson's_chi-squared_test

   The Pearson's chi-squared test statistic is defined as . The p-value of the test statistic is computed either numerically or by looking it up in a table. If the p-value is small enough (usually p < 0.05 by convention), then the null hypothesis is rejected, and we conclude that the observed data does not follow the multinomial distribution.

3. Chi-squared test - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi-squared_test

   Chi-squared distribution, showing χ2 on the x -axis and p -value (right tail probability) on the y -axis. A chi-squared test (also chi-square or χ2 test) is a statistical hypothesis test used in the analysis of contingency tables when the sample sizes are large. In simpler terms, this test is primarily used to examine whether two categorical ...

4. Chi-squared distribution - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi-squared_distribution

   In probability theory and statistics, the chi-squared distribution (also chi-square or -distribution) with degrees of freedom is the distribution of a sum of the squares of independent standard normal random variables. The chi-squared distribution is a special case of the gamma distribution and the univariate Wishart distribution.

5. p-value - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-value

   The p -value is used in the context of null hypothesis testing in order to quantify the statistical significance of a result, the result being the observed value of the chosen statistic . [note 2] The lower the p -value is, the lower the probability of getting that result if the null hypothesis were true. A result is said to be statistically ...

6. Cramér's V - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cramér's_V

   Cramér's V. In statistics, Cramér's V (sometimes referred to as Cramér's phi and denoted as φc) is a measure of association between two nominal variables, giving a value between 0 and +1 (inclusive). It is based on Pearson's chi-squared statistic and was published by Harald Cramér in 1946.

7. One- and two-tailed tests - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-_and_two-tailed_tests

   The p -value was introduced by Karl Pearson [6] in the Pearson's chi-squared test, where he defined P (original notation) as the probability that the statistic would be at or above a given level.