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Circle packing in a square is a packing problem in recreational mathematics, where the aim is to pack n unit circles into the smallest possible square. Equivalently, the problem is to arrange n points in a unit square aiming to get the greatest minimal separation, dn, between points. [1] To convert between these two formulations of the problem ...
Sheet resistance. Sheet resistance, is the resistance of a square piece of a thin material with contacts made to two opposite sides of the square. [1] It is usually a measurement of electrical resistance of thin films that are uniform in thickness. It is commonly used to characterize materials made by semiconductor doping, metal deposition ...
Square number. Square number 16 as sum of gnomons. In mathematics, a square number or perfect square is an integer that is the square of an integer; [1] in other words, it is the product of some integer with itself. For example, 9 is a square number, since it equals 32 and can be written as 3 × 3 .
If division is much more costly than multiplication, it may be preferable to compute the inverse square root instead. Other methods are available to compute the square root digit by digit, or using Taylor series . Rational approximations of square roots may be calculated using continued fraction expansions .
The Punnett square is a visual representation of Mendelian inheritance, a fundamental concept in genetics which is discovery of Gregor Mendel. [10] For multiple traits, using the "forked-line method" is typically much easier than the Punnett square. Phenotypes may be predicted with at least better-than-chance accuracy using a Punnett square ...
Chi-squared distribution, showing χ2 on the x -axis and p -value (right tail probability) on the y -axis. A chi-squared test (also chi-square or χ2 test) is a statistical hypothesis test used in the analysis of contingency tables when the sample sizes are large. In simpler terms, this test is primarily used to examine whether two categorical ...
In mathematics, the root mean square (abbrev. RMS, RMS or rms) of a set of numbers is the square root of the set's mean square. [1] Given a set , its RMS is denoted as either or . The RMS is also known as the quadratic mean (denoted ), [2] [3] a special case of the generalized mean. The RMS of a continuous function is denoted and can be defined ...
Square (algebra) 5⋅5, or 52 (5 squared), can be shown graphically using a square. Each block represents one unit, 1⋅1, and the entire square represents 5⋅5, or the area of the square. In mathematics, a square is the result of multiplying a number by itself. The verb "to square" is used to denote this operation.
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