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2. Eigenvalues and eigenvectors - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eigenvalues_and_eigenvectors

   1) then v is an eigenvector of the linear transformation A and the scale factor λ is the eigenvalue corresponding to that eigenvector. Equation (1) is the eigenvalue equation for the matrix A . Equation (1) can be stated equivalently as (A − λ I) v = 0 , {\displaystyle \left(A-\lambda I\right)\mathbf {v} =\mathbf {0} ,} (2) where I is the n by n identity matrix and 0 is the zero vector ...

3. Acid value - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_value

   Acid value. In chemistry, acid value ( AV, acid number, neutralization number or acidity) is a number used to quantify the acidity of a given chemical substance. It is the quantity of base (usually potassium hydroxide (KOH)), expressed as milligrams of KOH required to neutralize the acidic constituents in 1 gram of a sample.

4. Land value tax in the United States - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_value_tax_in_the...

   Land value taxation (i.e. property tax applied only to the unimproved value of land) has a long history in the United States dating back from Physiocrat influence on Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin. It is most famously associated with Henry George and his book Progress and Poverty (1879), which argued that because the supply of land is ...

5. Bias of an estimator - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bias_of_an_estimator

   In statistics, the bias of an estimator (or bias function) is the difference between this estimator 's expected value and the true value of the parameter being estimated. An estimator or decision rule with zero bias is called unbiased. In statistics, "bias" is an objective property of an estimator. Bias is a distinct concept from consistency ...

6. Born–Landé equation - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Born–Landé_equation

   The Born–Landé equation is a means of calculating the lattice energy of a crystalline ionic compound. In 1918 [1] Max Born and Alfred Landé proposed that the lattice energy could be derived from the electrostatic potential of the ionic lattice and a repulsive potential energy term. [2] where: r0 = distance between closest cation [ +ve ...

7. Agricultural productivity - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_productivity

   Agricultural productivity is measured as the ratio of agricultural outputs to inputs. [1] While individual products are usually measured by weight, which is known as crop yield, varying products make measuring overall agricultural output difficult. Therefore, agricultural productivity is usually measured as the market value of the final output ...