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2. Fizeau experiment - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizeau_experiment

   The Fizeau experiment [1] [2] [3] was carried out by Hippolyte Fizeau in 1851 to measure the relative speeds of light in moving water. Fizeau used a special interferometer arrangement to measure the effect of movement of a medium upon the speed of light. According to the theories prevailing at the time, light traveling through a moving medium ...

3. Foucault's measurements of the speed of light - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foucault's_measurements_of...

   In 1850, Fizeau and Foucault both used rotating mirror devices to perform relative measures of the speed of light in the air versus water. Foucault employed Paul-Gustave Froment to build a rotary-mirror apparatus [6] in which he split a beam of light into two beams, passing one through the water while the other traveled through air.

4. Fizeau's measurement of the speed of light in air - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizeau's_measurement_of_the...

   At 3 times the speed it was again eclipsed. [3] [4] Given the rotational speed of the wheel and the distance between the wheel and the mirror, Fizeau was able to calculate a value of 2 x 8633m x 720 x 25.2/s = 313,274,304 m/s for the speed of light. Fizeau's value for the speed of light was about 5% too high. [5]

5. Speed of light - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_Light

   A method of measuring the speed of light is to measure the time needed for light to travel to a mirror at a known distance and back. This is the working principle behind experiments by Hippolyte Fizeau and Léon Foucault. The setup as used by Fizeau consists of a beam of light directed at a mirror 8 kilometres (5 mi) away. On the way from the ...

6. Root nodule - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_nodule

   Nodulation is controlled by a variety of processes, both external (heat, acidic soils, drought, nitrate) and internal (autoregulation of nodulation, ethylene). Autoregulation of nodulation controls nodule numbers per plant through a systemic process involving the leaf. Leaf tissue senses the early nodulation events in the root through an ...

7. Water clarity - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_clarity

   Water clarity is a descriptive term for how deeply visible light penetrates through water. In addition to light penetration, the term water clarity is also often used to describe underwater visibility. Water clarity is one way that humans measure water quality, along with oxygen concentration and the presence or absence of pollutants and algal ...

8. Turbidity - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbidity

   v. t. e. Turbidity is the cloudiness or haziness of a fluid caused by large numbers of individual particles that are generally invisible to the naked eye, similar to smoke in air. The measurement of turbidity is a key test of both water clarity and water quality . Fluids can contain suspended solid matter consisting of particles of many ...

9. Total suspended solids - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_suspended_solids

   Total suspended solids ( TSS) is the dry-weight of suspended particles, that are not dissolved, in a sample of water that can be trapped by a filter that is analyzed using a filtration apparatus known as sintered glass crucible. TSS is a water quality parameter used to assess the quality of a specimen of any type of water or water body, ocean ...