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Aristotle's biology. Among Aristotle's many observations of marine biology was that the octopus can change colour when disturbed. Aristotle's biology is the theory of biology, grounded in systematic observation and collection of data, mainly zoological, embodied in Aristotle 's books on the science. Many of his observations were made during his ...
In biology, taxonomy (from Ancient Greek τάξις ( taxis) 'arrangement', and -νομία ( -nomia) ' method ') is the scientific study of naming, defining ( circumscribing) and classifying groups of biological organisms based on shared characteristics. Organisms are grouped into taxa (singular: taxon) and these groups are given a taxonomic ...
The classification of living things into animals and plants is an ancient one. Aristotle (384–322 BC) classified animal species in his History of Animals , while his pupil Theophrastus ( c. 371 – c. 287 BC ) wrote a parallel work, the Historia Plantarum , on plants.
Great chain of being. 1579 drawing of the Great Chain of Being from Didacus Valades [ es], Rhetorica Christiana. The great chain of being is a hierarchical structure of all matter and life, thought by medieval Christianity to have been decreed by God. The chain begins with God and descends through angels, humans, animals and plants to minerals.
Other philosophers who became more influential at that time, including Plato, Aristotle, and members of the Stoic school of philosophy, believed that the types of all things, not only living things, were fixed by divine design. Plato (left) and Aristotle (right), a detail from The School of Athens (1509 – 1511) by Raphael
For Aristotle, the soul is the form of a living being. Because all beings are composites of form and matter, the form of living beings is that which endows them with what is specific to living beings, e.g. the ability to initiate movement (or in the case of plants, growth and transformations, which Aristotle considers types of movement). [11]
Attempts to classify living things, too, began with Aristotle. Modern classification began with Carl Linnaeus's system of binomial nomenclature in the 1740s. Living things are composed of biochemical molecules, formed mainly from a few core chemical elements.
Aristotle 's Four Causes illustrated for a table: material (wood), formal (structure), efficient (carpentry), final (dining). The four causes or four explanations are, in Aristotelian thought, four fundamental types of answer to the question "why?" in analysis of change or movement in nature: the material, the formal, the efficient, and the final.
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