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Basic components of a monochromatic XPS system. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy ( XPS) is a surface-sensitive quantitative spectroscopic technique based on the photoelectric effect that can identify the elements that exist within a material (elemental composition) or are covering its surface, as well as their chemical state, and the overall ...
The Descartes Systems Group Inc. (commonly referred to as Descartes) is a Canadian multinational technology company specializing in logistics software, supply chain management software, and cloud -based services for logistics businesses. Descartes is perhaps best known for its abrupt and unexpected turnaround in the mid-2000s after coming close ...
Definition. Let P and Q be fixed points in the plane, and let d (P, S) and d (Q, S) denote the Euclidean distances from these points to a third variable point S. Let m and a be arbitrary real numbers. Then the Cartesian oval is the locus of points S satisfying d (P, S) + m d (Q, S) = a. The two ovals formed by the four equations d (P, S) + m d ...
The World, also called Treatise on the Light ( French title: Traité du monde et de la lumière ), is a book by René Descartes (1596–1650). Written between 1629 and 1633, it contains a nearly complete version of his philosophy, from method, to metaphysics, to physics and biology . Descartes espoused mechanical philosophy, a form of natural ...
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René Descartes ( / deɪˈkɑːrt / day-KART or UK: / ˈdeɪkɑːrt / DAY-kart; French: [ʁəne dekaʁt] ⓘ; Latinized: Renatus Cartesius; [note 3] [11] 31 March 1596 – 11 February 1650) [12] [13] [14] : 58 was a French philosopher, scientist, and mathematician, widely considered a seminal figure in the emergence of modern philosophy and ...
The parameter λ (E), termed the inelastic mean free path (IMFP), is defined as the distance an electron beam can travel before its intensity decays to 1/ e of its initial value. (Note that this is equation is closely related to the Beer–Lambert law .) The inelastic mean free path of electrons can roughly be described by a universal curve ...