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In medicine, a side effect is an effect, whether therapeutic or adverse, that is unintended; although the term is predominantly employed to describe adverse effects, it can also apply to beneficial, but unintended, consequences of the use of a drug . Occasionally, drugs are prescribed or procedures are performed for their side effects; in that ...
An adverse effect is an undesired harmful effect resulting from a medication or other intervention, such as surgery. [1] An adverse effect may be termed a "side effect", when judged to be secondary to a main or therapeutic effect. The term complication is similar to adverse effect, but the latter is typically used in pharmacological contexts ...
An adverse drug reaction ( ADR) is a harmful, unintended result caused by taking medication. [1] : 1.1 Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR) [2] ADRs may occur following a single dose or prolonged administration of a drug or may result from the combination of two or more drugs. The meaning of this term differs from the term "side effect" because side ...
Side effect (computer science) In computer science, an operation, function or expression is said to have a side effect if it has any observable effect other than its primary effect of reading the value of its arguments and returning a value to the invoker of the operation. Example side effects include modifying or reading a non-local variable ...
Extrapyramidal symptoms ( EPS) are symptoms that are archetypically associated with the extrapyramidal system of the brain's cerebral cortex. When such symptoms are caused by medications or other drugs, they are also known as extrapyramidal side effects ( EPSE ). The symptoms can be acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term).
Therapeutic effect refers to the response (s) after a treatment of any kind, the results of which are judged to be useful or favorable. [1] [2] [3] This is true whether the result was expected, unexpected, or even an unintended consequence. An adverse effect (including nocebo) is the converse and refers to harmful or undesired response (s).
Nocebo. A nocebo effect is said to occur when negative expectations of the patient regarding a treatment cause the treatment to have a more negative effect than it otherwise would have. [1] [2] For example, when a patient anticipates a side effect of a medication, they can experience that effect even if the "medication" is actually an inert ...
Pharmacodynamics ( PD) is the study of the biochemical and physiologic effects of drugs (especially pharmaceutical drugs ). The effects can include those manifested within animals (including humans), microorganisms, or combinations of organisms (for example, infection ). Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics are the main branches of ...