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Finding the real roots of a polynomial with real coefficients is a problem that has received much attention since the beginning of 19th century, and is still an active domain of research. Most root-finding algorithms can find some real roots, but cannot certify having found all the roots. Methods for finding all complex roots, such as Aberth ...
Quadratic formula. The roots of the quadratic function y = 1 2 x2 − 3x + 5 2 are the places where the graph intersects the x -axis, the values x = 1 and x = 5. They can be found via the quadratic formula. In elementary algebra, the quadratic formula is a closed-form expression describing the solutions of a quadratic equation.
Use of Newton's method to compute square roots. Newton's method is one of many known methods of computing square roots. Given a positive number a, the problem of finding a number x such that x2 = a is equivalent to finding a root of the function f(x) = x2 − a. The Newton iteration defined by this function is given by.
Root-finding algorithms. In numerical analysis, a root-finding algorithm is an algorithm for finding zeros, also called "roots", of continuous functions. A zero of a function f, from the real numbers to real numbers or from the complex numbers to the complex numbers, is a number x such that f(x) = 0. As, generally, the zeros of a function ...
Figure 4. Graphing calculator computation of one of the two roots of the quadratic equation 2x 2 + 4x − 4 = 0. Although the display shows only five significant figures of accuracy, the retrieved value of xc is 0.732050807569, accurate to twelve significant figures. A quadratic function without real root: y = (x − 5) 2 + 9.
If division is much more costly than multiplication, it may be preferable to compute the inverse square root instead. Other methods are available to compute the square root digit by digit, or using Taylor series . Rational approximations of square roots may be calculated using continued fraction expansions .
Muller's method is a root-finding algorithm, a numerical method for solving equations of the form f ( x) = 0. It was first presented by David E. Muller in 1956. Muller's method is based on the secant method, which constructs at every iteration a line through two points on the graph of f. Instead, Muller's method uses three points, constructs ...
Bairstow's method. In numerical analysis, Bairstow's method is an efficient algorithm for finding the roots of a real polynomial of arbitrary degree. The algorithm first appeared in the appendix of the 1920 book Applied Aerodynamics by Leonard Bairstow. [1] [non-primary source needed] The algorithm finds the roots in complex conjugate pairs ...