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In number theory, Waring's problem asks whether each natural number k has an associated positive integer s such that every natural number is the sum of at most s natural numbers raised to the power k. For example, every natural number is the sum of at most 4 squares, 9 cubes, or 19 fourth powers. Waring's problem was proposed in 1770 by Edward ...
In mathematics, the Pythagorean theorem or Pythagoras' theorem is a fundamental relation in Euclidean geometry between the three sides of a right triangle. It states that the area of the square whose side is the hypotenuse (the side opposite the right angle) is equal to the sum of the areas of the squares on the other two sides.
The divisor summatory function is defined as. where. is the divisor function. The divisor function counts the number of ways that the integer n can be written as a product of two integers. More generally, one defines. where dk ( n) counts the number of ways that n can be written as a product of k numbers. This quantity can be visualized as the ...
The Hungarian method is a combinatorial optimization algorithm that solves the assignment problem in polynomial time and which anticipated later primal–dual methods.It was developed and published in 1955 by Harold Kuhn, who gave it the name "Hungarian method" because the algorithm was largely based on the earlier works of two Hungarian mathematicians, Dénes Kőnig and Jenő Egerváry.
The Euler–Maclaurin formula provides expressions for the difference between the sum and the integral in terms of the higher derivatives f(k)(x) evaluated at the endpoints of the interval, that is to say x = m and x = n . Explicitly, for p a positive integer and a function f(x) that is p times continuously differentiable on the interval [m,n ...
The three-body problem is a special case of the n-body problem, which describes how n objects move under one of the physical forces, such as gravity. These problems have a global analytical solution in the form of a convergent power series, as was proven by Karl F. Sundman for n = 3 and by Qiudong Wang for n > 3 (see n-body problem for details
A facility location problem is the problem of deciding where a given public facility (e.g. a school or a power station) should be placed. This problem has been studied from various angles. Optimal facility location is an optimization problem: deciding where to place the facility in order to minimize transportation costs while considering ...
The main difficulty is that, in order to solve the problem, the square-roots should be computed to a high accuracy, which may require a large number of bits. The problem is mentioned in the Open Problems Garden. [4] Blomer [5] presents a polynomial-time Monte Carlo algorithm for deciding whether a sum of square roots equals 0.