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  2. Rate of return - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rate_of_return

    Rate of return. In finance, return is a profit on an investment. [1] It comprises any change in value of the investment, and/or cash flows (or securities, or other investments) which the investor receives from that investment over a specified time period, such as interest payments, coupons, cash dividends and stock dividends.

  3. Geometric Brownian motion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_Brownian_motion

    A geometric Brownian motion (GBM) (also known as exponential Brownian motion) is a continuous-time stochastic process in which the logarithm of the randomly varying quantity follows a Brownian motion (also called a Wiener process) with drift. [1] It is an important example of stochastic processes satisfying a stochastic differential equation ...

  4. Time-weighted return - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-weighted_return

    The time-weighted return is a measure of the historical performance of an investment portfolio which compensates for external flows. External flows refer to the net movements of value into or out of a portfolio, stemming from transfers of cash, securities, or other financial instruments. These flows are characterized by the absence of a ...

  5. Logarithmic distribution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logarithmic_distribution

    Logarithmic. The function is only defined at integer values. The connecting lines are merely guides for the eye. In probability and statistics, the logarithmic distribution (also known as the logarithmic series distribution or the log-series distribution) is a discrete probability distribution derived from the Maclaurin series expansion.

  6. Logarithm - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logarithm

    e. In mathematics, the logarithm is the inverse function to exponentiation. That means that the logarithm of a number x to the base b is the exponent to which b must be raised to produce x. For example, since 1000 = 103, the logarithm base of 1000 is 3, or log10 (1000) = 3.

  7. Log-normal distribution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Log-normal_distribution

    Log-normal distribution. In probability theory, a log-normal (or lognormal) distribution is a continuous probability distribution of a random variable whose logarithm is normally distributed. Thus, if the random variable X is log-normally distributed, then Y = ln (X) has a normal distribution.

  8. Natural logarithm - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_logarithm

    v. t. e. The natural logarithm of a number is its logarithm to the base of the mathematical constant e, which is an irrational and transcendental number approximately equal to 2.718 281 828 459. [1] The natural logarithm of x is generally written as ln x, loge x, or sometimes, if the base e is implicit, simply log x.

  9. Continuously compounded nominal and real returns - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuously_compounded...

    The simple inflation rate ISt from t –1 to t is . Thus, continuing the above nominal example, the final value of the investment expressed in real terms is. Then the continuously compounded real rate of return is. The continuously compounded real rate of return is just the continuously compounded nominal rate of return minus the continuously ...