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In mathematics, the floor function (or greatest integer function) is the function that takes as input a real number x, and gives as output the greatest integer less than or equal to x, denoted ⌊x⌋ or floor (x). Similarly, the ceiling function maps x to the smallest integer greater than or equal to x, denoted ⌈x⌉ or ceil (x).
Time-keeping on this clock uses arithmetic modulo 12. Adding 4 hours to 9 o'clock gives 1 o'clock, since 13 is congruent to 1 modulo 12. In mathematics, modular arithmetic is a system of arithmetic for integers, where numbers "wrap around" when reaching a certain value, called the modulus. The modern approach to modular arithmetic was developed ...
In algebra, the length of a module is a generalization of the dimension of a vector space which measures its size. [1] page 153 It is defined to be the length of the longest chain of submodules . The modules of finite length are finitely generated modules, but as opposite to vector spaces, many finitely generated modules have an infinite length.
In computer programming, a function, subprogram, procedure, method, routine or subroutine is a callable unit of software logic that has a well-defined interface and behavior and can be invoked multiple times.
3. In set theory and category theory, denotes the Cartesian product and the direct product. See also × in § Set theory. · 1. Denotes multiplication and is read as times; for example, 3 ⋅ 2. 2. In geometry and linear algebra, denotes the dot product. 3. Placeholder used for replacing an indeterminate element.
e. In mathematics, an algebraic structure consists of a nonempty set A (called the underlying set, carrier set or domain ), a collection of operations on A (typically binary operations such as addition and multiplication), and a finite set of identities, known as axioms, that these operations must satisfy. An algebraic structure may be based on ...
In mathematics, a module is a generalization of the notion of vector space in which the field of scalars is replaced by a ring. The concept of module also generalizes the notion of abelian group, since the abelian groups are exactly the modules over the ring of integers . Like a vector space, a module is an additive abelian group, and scalar ...
Free module. In mathematics, a free module is a module that has a basis, that is, a generating set consisting of linearly independent elements. Every vector space is a free module, [1] but, if the ring of the coefficients is not a division ring (not a field in the commutative case), then there exist non-free modules.