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  2. Clairaut's relation (differential geometry) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clairaut's_relation...

    In classical differential geometry, Clairaut's relation, named after Alexis Claude de Clairaut, is a formula that characterizes the great circle paths on the unit sphere. The formula states that if γ is a parametrization of a great circle then. where ρ ( P) is the distance from a point P on the great circle to the z -axis, and ψ ( P) is the ...

  3. Differential geometry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_geometry

    e. Differential geometry is a mathematical discipline that studies the geometry of smooth shapes and smooth spaces, otherwise known as smooth manifolds. It uses the techniques of differential calculus, integral calculus, linear algebra and multilinear algebra. The field has its origins in the study of spherical geometry as far back as antiquity.

  4. Differential geometry of surfaces - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_geometry_of...

    In mathematics, the differential geometry of surfaces deals with the differential geometry of smooth surfaces with various additional structures, most often, a Riemannian metric . Surfaces have been extensively studied from various perspectives: extrinsically, relating to their embedding in Euclidean space and intrinsically, reflecting their ...

  5. Torsion of a curve - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torsion_of_a_curve

    Torsion of a curve. In the differential geometry of curves in three dimensions, the torsion of a curve measures how sharply it is twisting out of the osculating plane. Taken together, the curvature and the torsion of a space curve are analogous to the curvature of a plane curve. For example, they are coefficients in the system of differential ...

  6. Differentiable curve - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differentiable_curve

    Differentiable curve. Differential geometry of curves is the branch of geometry that deals with smooth curves in the plane and the Euclidean space by methods of differential and integral calculus . Many specific curves have been thoroughly investigated using the synthetic approach. Differential geometry takes another path: curves are ...

  7. Liouville's theorem (differential algebra) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liouville's_theorem...

    In mathematics, Liouville's theorem, originally formulated by French mathematician Joseph Liouville in 1833 to 1841, [1] [2] [3] places an important restriction on antiderivatives that can be expressed as elementary functions . The antiderivatives of certain elementary functions cannot themselves be expressed as elementary functions.

  8. Theorema Egregium - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theorema_egregium

    The Mercator projection preserves angles but fails to preserve area, hence the massive distortion of Antarctica. Gauss's Theorema Egregium (Latin for "Remarkable Theorem") is a major result of differential geometry, proved by Carl Friedrich Gauss in 1827, that concerns the curvature of surfaces. The theorem says that Gaussian curvature can be ...

  9. Geometric analysis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_analysis

    Geometric analysis is a mathematical discipline where tools from differential equations, especially elliptic partial differential equations (PDEs), are used to establish new results in differential geometry and differential topology. The use of linear elliptic PDEs dates at least as far back as Hodge theory. More recently, it refers largely to ...

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