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Calculus is the mathematical study of continuous change, in the same way that geometry is the study of shape, and algebra is the study of generalizations of arithmetic operations. Originally called infinitesimal calculus or "the calculus of infinitesimals ", it has two major branches, differential calculus and integral calculus.
The mathematical manuscripts of Karl Marx are a manuscript collection of Karl Marx 's mathematical notes where he attempted to derive the foundations of infinitesimal calculus from first principles. The notes that Marx took have been collected into four independent treatises: On the Concept of the Derived Function, On the Differential, On the ...
Calculus. The fundamental theorem of calculus is a theorem that links the concept of differentiating a function (calculating its slopes, or rate of change at each point in time) with the concept of integrating a function (calculating the area under its graph, or the cumulative effect of small contributions). Roughly speaking, the two operations ...
Calculus Made Easy is a book on infinitesimal calculus originally published in 1910 by Silvanus P. Thompson. The original text continues to be available as of 2008 from Macmillan and Co., but a 1998 update by Martin Gardner is available from St. Martin's Press which provides an introduction; three preliminary chapters explaining functions ...
t. e. In mathematics, an integral is the continuous analog of a sum, which is used to calculate areas, volumes, and their generalizations. Integration, the process of computing an integral, is one of the two fundamental operations of calculus, [a] the other being differentiation. Integration was initially used to solve problems in mathematics ...
v. t. e. The calculus of variations (or variational calculus) is a field of mathematical analysis that uses variations, which are small changes in functions and functionals, to find maxima and minima of functionals: mappings from a set of functions to the real numbers. [a] Functionals are often expressed as definite integrals involving ...
calculus. (From Latin calculus, literally 'small pebble', used for counting and calculations, as on an abacus) [8] is the mathematical study of continuous change, in the same way that geometry is the study of shape and algebra is the study of generalizations of arithmetic operations.
Fractional calculus is a branch of mathematical analysis that studies the several different possibilities of defining real number powers or complex number powers of the differentiation operator. and of the integration operator [Note 1] and developing a calculus for such operators generalizing the classical one.
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