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Working capital. Working capital ( WC) is a financial metric which represents operating liquidity available to a business, organisation, or other entity, including governmental entities. Along with fixed assets such as plant and equipment, working capital is considered a part of operating capital. Gross working capital is equal to current assets.
Free cash flow. In financial accounting, free cash flow ( FCF) or free cash flow to firm ( FCFF) is the amount by which a business's operating cash flow exceeds its working capital needs and expenditures on fixed assets (known as capital expenditures ). [1] It is that portion of cash flow that can be extracted from a company and distributed to ...
It is commonly represented as total assets less current liabilities (or fixed assets plus working capital requirement). [2] ROCE uses the reported (period end) capital numbers; if one instead uses the average of the opening and closing capital for the period, one obtains return on average capital employed ( ROACE ).
Return on invested capital formula ROIC = NOPAT / Average Invested Capital There are three main components of this measurement that are worth noting: While ratios such as return on equity and return on assets use net income as the numerator, ROIC uses net operating income after tax (NOPAT), which means that after-tax expenses (income) from financing activities are added back to (deducted from ...
The weighted average cost of capital ( WACC) is the rate that a company is expected to pay on average to all its security holders to finance its assets. The WACC is commonly referred to as the firm's cost of capital. Importantly, it is dictated by the external market and not by management. The WACC represents the minimum return that a company ...
Net operating assets ( NOA) are a business's operating assets minus its operating liabilities. [1] NOA is calculated by reformatting the balance sheet so that operating activities are separated from financing activities. This is done so that the operating performance of the business can be isolated and valued independently of the financing ...
Hamada's equation. In corporate finance, Hamada’s equation is an equation used as a way to separate the financial risk of a levered firm from its business risk. The equation combines the Modigliani–Miller theorem with the capital asset pricing model. It is used to help determine the levered beta and, through this, the optimal capital ...
Enterprise value ( EV ), total enterprise value ( TEV ), or firm value ( FV) is an economic measure reflecting the market value of a business (i.e. as distinct from market price ). It is a sum of claims by all claimants: creditors (secured and unsecured) and shareholders (preferred and common). Enterprise value is one of the fundamental metrics ...