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Earth science or geoscience includes all fields of natural science related to the planet Earth. [1] This is a branch of science dealing with the physical, chemical, and biological complex constitutions and synergistic linkages of Earth's four spheres: the biosphere, hydrosphere / cryosphere, atmosphere, and geosphere (or lithosphere). Earth ...
t. e. Greek letters are used in mathematics, science, engineering, and other areas where mathematical notation is used as symbols for constants, special functions, and also conventionally for variables representing certain quantities. In these contexts, the capital letters and the small letters represent distinct and unrelated entities.
The use of astronomical symbols for the Sun and Moon dates to antiquity. The forms of the symbols that appear in the original papyrus texts of Greek horoscopes are a circle with one ray () for the Sun and a crescent for the Moon. [3] The modern Sun symbol, a circle with a dot (☉), first appeared in Europe in the Renaissance.
The science of accurately measuring and understanding the Earth's geometric shape, orientation in space, and gravitational field and how these properties change over time. Also geodetic network, reference network, or control point network. Also geodetic system, geodetic reference datum, or geodetic reference system.
Pedosphere – The outermost layer of the Earth that is composed of soil and subject to soil formation processes. Outer layers. By composition. Crust (geology) – The outermost solid shell of a rocky planet, dwarf planet, or natural satellite. Moho Discontinuity – The line between the crust and the Earth's mantle.
Although mainstream Chinese science until the 17th century held the view that Earth was flat, square, and enveloped by the celestial sphere, this idea was criticized by the Jin-dynasty scholar Yu Xi (fl. 307–345), who suggested that Earth could be either square or round, in accordance with the shape of the heavens. [98]
Earth system science (ESS) is the application of systems science to the Earth. [1][2][3][4] In particular, it considers interactions and 'feedbacks', through material and energy fluxes, between the Earth's sub-systems' cycles, processes and "spheres"— atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, [5] geosphere, pedosphere, lithosphere, biosphere, [6 ...
absolute dating. The process of determining a specific date (in years or some other unit of time) for an archaeological, geological or paleontological site or artifact. accident. A sudden discontinuity of ground, such as a fault of great thickness, bed or lentil of unstable ground. [1] accretion.
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