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Architect. Victor David Gruen, born Viktor David Grünbaum[1] (July 18, 1903 – February 14, 1980), was an Austrian-American architect best known as a pioneer in the design of shopping malls in the United States. [2] He is also noted for his urban revitalization proposals, described in his writings and applied in master plans such as for Fort ...
The Mall of America in Bloomington, Minnesota, the largest mall in the United States. The interior of Garden State Plaza megamall in Paramus, Bergen County, New Jersey, the borough with the world's highest concentration of shopping malls. The Iran Mall, the world's largest mall. A shopping mall (or simply mall) is a large indoor shopping center ...
Description. The Gruen transfer is a psychological phenomenon in which an idealised hyperreality is realized by deliberate reconstruction, providing a sense of safety and calm through exceptional familiarity. [1][2][4] In a speech in London in 1978, Victor Gruen disavowed shopping mall developments as having "bastardised" his ideas: [5][3] "I ...
Shopping mall in Warsaw, Poland. In the post-war period, an American architect, Victor Gruen developed a concept for a shopping mall; a planned, self-contained shopping complex complete with an indoor plaza, statues, planting schemes, piped music, and car parking. Gruen's vision was to create a shopping atmosphere where people felt so ...
Sunway Pyramid was designed by the design director of Sunway, Nelson Yong. After several architects were unable to meet expectations for the building's façade, Yong assumed responsibility for the interior design and architectural concept. [ 4 ] According to Yong, he immediately had an inspiration and sketched the iconic lion head, the pyramid ...
Retail is the sale of goods and services to consumers, in contrast to wholesaling, which is the sale to business or institutional customers. A retailer purchases goods in large quantities from manufacturers, directly or through a wholesaler, and then sells in smaller quantities to consumers for a profit. Retailers are the final link in the ...
Starting in 1946, larger, open air centers anchored by department stores were built (sometimes as a collection of adjacent retail properties with different owners), then enclosed shopping malls starting with Victor Gruen 's Southdale Center near Minneapolis in 1956. A shopping mall is a type of shopping center, a North American term originally ...
Arcade (architecture) An arcade is a succession of contiguous arches, with each arch supported by a colonnade of columns or piers. Exterior arcades are designed to provide a sheltered walkway for pedestrians; they include many loggias, but here arches are not an essential element. An arcade may feature arches on both sides of the walkway.
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