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Rationalism – as an appeal to human reason as a way of obtaining knowledge – has a philosophical history dating from antiquity.The analytical nature of much of philosophical enquiry, the awareness of apparently a priori domains of knowledge such as mathematics, combined with the emphasis of obtaining knowledge through the use of rational faculties (commonly rejecting, for example, direct ...
The trademark argument [1] is an a priori argument for the existence of God developed by the French philosopher and mathematician René Descartes.The name derives from the fact that the idea of God existing in each person "is the trademark, hallmark or stamp of their divine creator".
The Dream of Human Life, by unknown artist, based on Michelangelo’s drawing The Dream, c. 1533. The dream argument is the postulation that the act of dreaming provides preliminary evidence that the senses we trust to distinguish reality from illusion should not be fully trusted, and therefore, any state that is dependent on our senses should at the very least be carefully examined and ...
Descartes uses the analogy of rebuilding a house from secure foundations, and extends the analogy to the idea of needing a temporary abode while his own house is being rebuilt. Descartes adopts the following "three or four" maxims in order to remain effective in the "real world" while experimenting with his method of radical doubt.
In this essay he describes Newton's mathematical development starting in secondary school. Whiteside says that the most important influence on Newton's mathematical development was Book II of René Descartes's La Géométrie. Book II is devoted to a problem that had been considered and partly solved by Pappus of Alexandria and Apollonius of Perga
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Leibniz: Philosophical Essays (translated and edited with Roger Ariew) (Hackett Press, 1989). The Cambridge History of Seventeenth-Century Philosophy (with Michael R. Ayers) (Cambridge University Press, 1998). Kant and the Early Moderns (with Béatrice Longuenesse) (Princeton University Press, 2008).
David Hume. The Scottish School of Common Sense was an epistemological philosophy that flourished in Scotland in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. [4] Its roots can be found in responses to the writings of such philosophers as John Locke, George Berkeley and David Hume, and its most prominent members were Dugald Stewart, Thomas Reid, William Hamilton and, as has recently been argued ...