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The energy required for the proton pumping reaction may come from light (light energy; bacteriorhodopsins), electron transfer (electrical energy; electron transport complexes I, III and IV) or energy-rich metabolites (chemical energy) such as pyrophosphate (PPi; proton-pumping pyrophosphatase) or adenosine triphosphate (ATP; proton ATPases).
To convert ADP to ATP, energy must be provided. That energy is provided by the H+ gradient. On one side of the membrane compartment, there is a high concentration of H+ ions compared to the other. The shuttling of H+ to one side of the membrane is driven by the exergonic flow of electrons throughout the membrane.
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WorkMarket is a New York City-based company that provides an online platform and marketplace for businesses to manage contingent workers and IT talent. [2] The company was founded in May 2010 by Jeffrey Leventhal.
In enzymology, an ADP deaminase (EC 3.5.4.7) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction ADP + H 2 O ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } IDP + NH 3 Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are ADP and H 2 O , whereas its two products are IDP and NH 3 .
The bacterial flagellum responsible for the swimming and tumbling of E. coli and other bacteria acts as a rigid propeller that is powered by a rotary motor. This motor is driven by the flow of protons across a membrane, possibly using a similar mechanism to that found in the F o motor in ATP synthase.
The idea of the creatine phosphate shuttle was suggested as an explanation for altered blood glucose levels in exercising diabetic patients. [5] The change in blood glucose levels were very similar to the alterations that would occur if a diabetic patient would receive a shot of Insulin.It was then proposed that contraction of myofibrils during rigorous exercise freed creatine which imitated ...