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In mathematics, the root mean square (abbrev. RMS, RMS or rms) of a set of numbers is the square root of the set's mean square. [1] Given a set , its RMS is denoted as either or . The RMS is also known as the quadratic mean (denoted ), [2] [3] a special case of the generalized mean. The RMS of a continuous function is denoted and can be defined ...
Digital root. The digital root (also repeated digital sum) of a natural number in a given radix is the (single digit) value obtained by an iterative process of summing digits, on each iteration using the result from the previous iteration to compute a digit sum. The process continues until a single-digit number is reached.
Fast inverse square root, sometimes referred to as Fast InvSqrt () or by the hexadecimal constant 0x5F3759DF, is an algorithm that estimates , the reciprocal (or multiplicative inverse) of the square root of a 32-bit floating-point number in IEEE 754 floating-point format. The algorithm is best known for its implementation in 1999 in Quake III ...
Cube root. In mathematics, a cube root of a number x is a number y such that y3 = x. All nonzero real numbers have exactly one real cube root and a pair of complex conjugate cube roots, and all nonzero complex numbers have three distinct complex cube roots. For example, the real cube root of 8, denoted , is 2, because 23 = 8, while the other ...
Primitive root modulo. n. In modular arithmetic, a number g is a primitive root modulo n if every number a coprime to n is congruent to a power of g modulo n. That is, g is a primitive root modulo n if for every integer a coprime to n, there is some integer k for which gk ≡ a (mod n ).
The number e is a mathematical constant approximately equal to 2.71828 that can be characterized in many ways. It is the base of the natural logarithm function. It is the limit of as n tends to infinity, an expression that arises in the computation of compound interest. It is the value at 1 of the (natural) exponential function, commonly ...
Etymology. The Mach number is named after the physicist and philosopher Ernst Mach according to a proposal by the aeronautical engineer Jakob Ackeret in 1929. The word Mach is always capitalized since it derives from a proper name, and since the Mach number is a dimensionless quantity rather than a unit of measure, the number comes after the word Mach; the second Mach number is Mach 2 instead ...
In number theory, the multiplicative digital root of a natural number in a given number base is found by multiplying the digits of together, then repeating this operation until only a single-digit remains, which is called the multiplicative digital root of . [1] [2] The multiplicative digital root for the first few positive integers are: