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Racism, as an ideology, exists in a society at both the individual and institutional level. While much of the research and work on racism during the last half-century or so has concentrated on "white racism" in the Western world, historical accounts of race-based social practices can be found across the globe. [32]
Comparative research is a research methodology in the social sciences exemplified in cross-cultural or comparative studies that aims to make comparisons across different countries or cultures. A major problem in comparative research is that the data sets in different countries may define categories differently (for example by using different ...
The precise definition varies across fields of study. In classic philosophy, an axiom is a statement that is so evident or well-established, that it is accepted without controversy or question. [3] In modern logic, an axiom is a premise or starting point for reasoning. [4] In mathematics, an axiom may be a "logical axiom" or a "non-logical axiom".
Biotechnology is the research and development in the laboratory using bioinformatics for exploration, extraction, exploitation, and production from any living organisms and any source of biomass by means of biochemical engineering where high value-added products could be planned (reproduced by biosynthesis, for example), forecasted, formulated ...
In scientific research, the null hypothesis (often denoted H 0) [1] is the claim that the effect being studied does not exist. [note 1] The null hypothesis can also be described as the hypothesis in which no relationship exists between two sets of data or variables being analyzed. If the null hypothesis is true, any experimentally observed ...
He refers, for example, to countries whose laws are "well written" but not effectively enforced. [7] In human–computer interaction, effectiveness is defined as "the accuracy and completeness of users' tasks while using a system". [8] A US military exercise, designed to increase combat effectiveness
Information is an abstract concept that refers to something which has the power to inform.At the most fundamental level, it pertains to the interpretation (perhaps formally) of that which may be sensed, or their abstractions.
A related concept is that of sustainable development, and the terms are often used to mean the same thing. [16] UNESCO distinguishes the two like this: "Sustainability is often thought of as a long-term goal (i.e. a more sustainable world), while sustainable development refers to the many processes and pathways to achieve it." [17]